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Typhoid - Prevention And Cure
The prevention of typhoid fever depends mainly on proper sewage treatment, filtration and chlorination of water, and the exclusion of carriers from employment in food industries and restaurants. In the early part of the 20th century, prophylactic vaccination using killed typhoid organisms was introduced, mainly in military forces and institutions, and contributed to a lowering of the incidence of the disease.
The treatment of typhoid formerly was entirely symptomatic and supportive. After 1948 treatment with antibiotics, particularly with chloramphenicol, proved to be effective. Chloramphenicol begins to lower the patient's fever within three or four days after beginning therapy, and there is progressive improvement thereafter. The drug treatment is continued for several weeks in order to prevent relapses. Ampicillin, often in combination with other drugs, is an effective alternate treatment.
About 30 percent of typhoid cases become transient carriers of the disease, excreting the causative bacteria in the stool or urine for weeks or months. About 5 percent remain long-term carriers, harbouring the microorganisms and shedding them for years. In these carriers, who show no apparent ill effects, the bacilli are found mainly in the gallbladder and biliary passages. The bacteria may be excreted continuously or intermittently.
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