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Active immunization is used to stimulate the immune system
to produce antibodies against any kind of infectious agent. When someone is
exposed to a pathogen the active immunity can help in solving the problem. For
example, a person will be immune to measles, if he had already been recovered
from it once, since the virus helps in stimulating the immune system to produce
antibodies that particularly identifies and neutralizes the pathogens.The main target of Active immunization is to ensure that the
body gets enough numbers of antibodies that can react against a potential
infectious agent or toxin and prevent them before establishing itself in its
earliest stages.
Vaccination is another way to induce active immunization.
They contain antigens that stimulate the response of immune system without
causing illness.It is not necessary that the vaccines used for active
immunization contain living microbes. What is important is that they contain the
antigens necessary in stimulating a protective response, without giving any
harmless effects produce an immune response similar to the natural infection.
Active immunizations are long lasting and may be reactivated
quickly by a recurrence of the infection or by revaccination.
Bacterial toxins, like formaldehyde used in harmless
treatment of tetanus or diphtheria, can be rendered with without affecting
their ability to act as immunogens. They are absorbed onto an inorganic gel
before being administered, an approach that increases the likelihood that the
toxoid will be retained in a macrophage. Toxoids obtain effective, long-lasting
immunity against bacterial toxins. When immunization against several antigenic
determinants is desired or the important antigenic component is not known, it
may be prudent to use the entire microbe, which has been killed in a manner
that does not alter it significantly. Such so-called “killed” vaccines are used
to immunize against typhoid, pertussis (whooping cough), plague, and influenza.
Most vaccines are given by injection, but few are
given orally. Because of their unique ability to stimulate IgA responses,
mucosal vaccines are considered to be most effective vaccines.
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